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Friday 18 March 2011

Topics for discussed_Renewable Energy in India, 5th May 2011 - Step towards achieving Climate Change Goals

Renewable Energy World India 2011 address one or more of the following topics:
Strategic Topics:
• Future Renewable Energy Mix
• Renewable Energy Certificate Initiative
• Building a Domestic Solar Manufacturing Industry
• Offshore Wind Potential
• How to Achieve Grid Parity
• Project Development & Financing (Clean Energy Funding)
• Risk Management, Insurance, Return on Investment, acquiring RE projects
• Incentives for Renewables
• Rural Electrification Utilising Renewable Energy
• Renewable Energy Policy & Strategy, The Solar Mission
• Attracting Domestic & Foreign Investment
• Regulatory Issues
• Manufacturing and Equipment Supply & Construction Capacity Constraints
• Building an export market
• Addressing the Skilled Manpower Shortage
• Realistic Pricing/Tariffs
• Electric vehicles, fleet management and renewables

Who's Who in Renewable Energy in India, 5th May 2011 - A step towards achieving Climate Change Goals


INAUGURAL SESSION (morning 5 May 2011)
Welcome Address: Mr. Glenn Ensor, Director of Events, Pennwell, UK
Address by: 
Dr. Uddesh Kohli, Advisor, Power-Gen India & Central Asia 2011, India
Address by: 
Mr. Arup Roy Choudhury, CMD, NTPC, India
Address by: 
Mr. B.P. Rao, CMD, BHEL, India
Keynote Address by: 
Mr. C. Balakrishnan, Secretary, Ministry of Coal & Mines, Govt. of India
Keynote Address by: 
Mr. Deepak Gupta, Secretary, Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, Govt. of India
Keynote Address by: 
Mr. P. Umashankar, Secretary, Ministry of Power, Govt. of India
Chairman’s Address: 
Mr. B.K. Chaturvedi, Member – Energy, Planning Commission, India
Guest of Honor: 
Dr. Farooq Abdullah, Hon’ble Minister of New & Renewable Energy, Govt. of India
Chief Guest: 
Mr. Sushil Kumar Shinde, Hon’ble Minister of Power, Govt. of India
Vote of Thanks: Mr. Rajan Sharma, Managing Director, Inter Ads Exhibitions Pvt. Ltd, India



Afrenoon



Session 1
High Level Panel Discussion: Meeting the Power Capacity Challenge of the 12th Five-Year Plan
*Chair: Rakesh Mehta, Chief Secretary & Principal Secretary (Power), Govt. of NCT of Delhi, India
Speakers:G.D. Gautama, Addl. Chief Secretary (Power), Govt. of West Bengal, IndiaGurdial Singh, Chairman, CEA, IndiaSudhir Kumar, Joint Secretary (Planning), Ministry of Power, IndiaSatnam Singh, CMD, Power Finance Corporation, India

Session 2
Renewable Energy Policy (20GW by 2020)
Chair: To be Confirmed

RE Policy Framework - India: To Sustain Wind Power Deployment PaceGuarav Ganghi, Assistant Manager, Suzlon Energy, India
Co-Authors: Chintan Shah, VP and Head, SBD, Suzlon Energy, India
How to Achieve Grid Parity: Solar Power GenerationVenu Birappa, Executive Engineer, Gujurat Energy Transmission Corporation, India


Renewable Energy World India Conference-DAY_1.html

MORE
           -DAY 2
           -DAY 3

Notes on Gas bubbles entrapped in Solids during solidification-applications-manu processes concerned

Here I shall share a short review of the reference article entitled " An analytical self-consistent determination of a bubble with a deformed cap trapped in solid during solidification [LINK ref. 1] "  before it leaves my personal files definitively. By the way most bubbles in liquid steels (liquids including metals and alloys) are so called spherical capped presumably to minimise the energy necessary to create and grow a the new surface Causes Surface_tension_Thermodynamics_of_soap_bubble [Ref. 2]  These are subjects with which most Metallurgist,Materials Scientists and Engineers are confronted at some time or other since they occur frequently in materials and manufacturing processes such as casting, welding, and crystal growth. They have a long history, eg. Refs 3 J. D. Fast, Interaction of Metals and Gases, Philips Technical. Library, Eindhoven, 1965, Bruce Chalmers, Principles of Solidification 1964 [Ref4],  M.C. Flemings' School at MIT,[Ref.5]  (Solidification Processing 1974)  Many aspects are still subject to active R and D.

Put simply, gas evolution during solidification is driven by large difference in gas solubility between the liquid and gas phases. Wei's treatment(s) is quit thorough in reviewing previous studies in traditional processes mentioned previously. His mathematical computational approach highlights most if not all parameters involved in defining precisely the shapes of bubbles nucleating during solidification and and remaining entrapped in the resulting solid. Wei claims his methodology is self-consistent, that is, each part logically consistent with the rest, here self-consistency refers to satisfaction of a normal pressure balance outlined in his article and justified by the fact that the ratio Weber N° / Froude N° (We/Fr) <1.

As such his treatment has general applicabity and claims to be in excellant agreement with observed pores in solids (figs 4 to 10 ref.1) He concludes that the pore size is reduced by:

- increasing Bond N° (Bo) defined by - increasing Bond N° (Bo) defined by - increasing Bond N° (Bo) defined as ρ (density) x g (gravity) x ho^2 (total height solid+liquid divided by surface tension σlv between gas-liquid-solid interface = (ρ x g x ho^2) / σlv
- dimensionless parameters governing the gas concentration_Henry's Law-Henry's Constant 
- Solidification rate or the displacement of the solidification front (solidifn rate regularity is advantageous)
-decreasing the surounding presure ie head of liquid and applying a vacuum, eg Bulk steel degassing processes and better special posesses uses for very high quality steels and alloys:VIM, VAR, EB. etc.

 Wei and co-worker's article (2009) dealing specifically with mainstream-classical welding is freely available at the following undelined link  "Bubble Entrapped in Solid during Solidification"  [Ref 6]

Welding under vacuum-short of time, I suggest a simple Google search on the fore mentioned key words.
A quite recent rather exautic publication is:
-In 2002,  NASA showed interest in gas blowhole defect prone materials and solution calling upon microgravity cf. Toward Understanding Pore Formation and Mobility During Controlled Directional Solidification in a Microgravity Environment (PFMI) [Ref 7]

New - Advanced Processing Applications involving gas bubble formation

In Semi-solid (Thixocasting, Reocasting) gas bubbles are intentionally used for impoved mixing as in many manufacturing especially in high temperature metallurgical processes notably steelmaking.

Ref. 8. Semi-solid Processing of Alloys by David H. Kirkwood,Michel Suéry,Plato Kapranos,Helen V. Atkinson,Kenneth P. Young 2009

Refs 9.  Foam Alloys
9.1 Early rimming steels have long evolved to todays field of foam alloys cf. for example Manufacturing Routes for Metallic Foams by John Banhart,  JOM, 52 (12) (2000), pp. 22-27

9.2 METAL FOAMS – MANUFACTURE AND PHYSICS OF FOAMING_2005_01_03_Babcsan et al[pdf]

9.3 Dave Curran's home page - Metal Foams- Studied while at Cambridge Univ. UK.

10. Nanobubbles and Nanopores
10.aThermodynamic and Kinetic Stability of Nanobubbles at the Water-Solid Interface: A Modeling and Atomi force Microscopy (AFM) Study

10b. Highly nanoporous surfaces were observed on the underside of Ni splats shows
potential for the manufacturing of high-surface area materials using thermal spray say Meng Qu and Andrew Gouldstone in their paper entitled
" On the Role of Bubbles in Metallic Splat Nanopores and Adhesion "  Journal of Thermal Spray Technology


OTHER POSTS:

Surface chemistry: A close look at hydrophobicity_Wetting_non-Wetting_Bulk Steelmaking Macro to Nanotechnology and Biomimicry 

High Purity Cr sources for Superalloys

Energy for th Future:Phil.Trans.A-Vol. 365, N° 1853 / April 15, 2007, curtesy The Royal Soc. London

Engineered foams and porous materials: Phil Trans A. Vol 364, N° 1838 / 06 curtesy_The R Soc. Lond