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Sunday, 6 June 2010

H2 storage and Fuel-Cells in graphs, tables and images

Almost a year ago in the July 2009 issue of Materials World, John Kilner of Imperial College London, and Peter Edwards and Vladimir Kuznetsov of the University of Oxford, in the UK discussed the issues surrounding the generation of power using H2 and Fuel Cells. The feature clarified many aspects of the different types of fuel-cells, the chemical processes involved, their range of application eg due to temperatre, weight, or volume limitations as well as the typical applications. The following is a visual account of some of the electrochemical and materials issues involved in H2 storage and Fuel-Cell development: graphs, tables and images.










REFERENCES:
1. Cell-ing future power – hydrogen and fuel cells
By Peter Edwards and Vladimir Kuznetsov, MW July 2009.

2. Insight review article, Hydrogen-storage materials
for mobile applications Louis Schlapbach, Andreas Züttel. NATURE
VOL 414 15 NOVEMBER 2001
www.nature.com from 22.Sandrock, G. & Thomas, G. The IEA/DOC/SNL on-line hydride databases. Appl. Phys. A 72,153–155 (2001).
3. GUIDELINES FOR USE OF HYDROGEN  FUEL IN COMMERCIAL VEHICLES , US Dept of Transport  Final Report Nov 2007.

Further reading


http://www.humboldt.edu/~serc/animation.html

http://www.howstuffworks.com/fuel-cell.htm

http://www.fuelcells.org/basics/how.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PEM_fuelcell.svg

Saturday, 5 June 2010

Metallurgy-Materials Science pick of the month by french popular science magazine La Recherche brings SMA-Shape Memory Alloys to the fore

In fact two SMA article summaries are reported in this post

Ferrous Polycrystalline Shape-Memory Alloy Showing Huge Superelasticity by
Y. Tanaka,1 Y. Himuro,1 R. Kainuma,2,* Y. Sutou,1 T. Omori,1 K. Ishida1, published in Science from the American Association for the Advancement of Science AAAS.

Shape-memory alloys, such as Ni-Ti and Cu-Zn-Al, show a large reversible strain of more than several percent due to superelasticity. In particular, the Ni-Ti–based alloy, which exhibits some ductility and excellent superelastic strain, is the only superelastic material available for practical applications at present. We herein describe a ferrous polycrystalline, high-strength, shape-memory alloy exhibiting a superelastic strain of more than 13%, with a tensile strength above 1 gigapascal, which is almost twice the maximum superelastic strain obtained in the Ni-Ti alloys. Furthermore, this ferrous alloy has a very large damping capacity and exhibits a large reversible change in magnetization during loading and unloading. This ferrous shape-memory alloy has great potential as a high-damping and sensor material.

1 Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
2 Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.

What Others Say
Physics Today Blog
http://blogs.physicstoday.org/update/2010/03/

Un alliage très élastique et pas cher/ A very elastic inexpensive alloy
http://www.larecherche.fr/content/actualite-matiere/article?id=27546

Science Editor recommends a 2nd paper on SMAs recommends also

Materials Science:
Expanding the Repertoire of Shape Memory Alloys
Ji Ma and Ibrahim Karaman
The exceptional properties of many materials often come at the expense of limited performance in other areas. For example, conventional metals and their alloys are strong—they are good at resisting stress (i.e., an applied load)—but they tolerate only a very small amount of strain (i.e., deformation) before they are irreversibly deformed. Rubber can easily return to its original shape, even after large deformations, but is much weaker than conventional metals. However, some metal alloys exhibit "shape memory"; they are strong but can recover from being deformed when heated. This process seems counter-intuitive, but these alloys take advantage of solid-to-solid "diffusionless" phase transitions: The atoms rearrange how they pack into crystals in an orderly fashion, and this process changes the material's macroscopic shape. Few other materials possess this combination of strength and flexibility (see the figure), and clever engineering has exploited these properties—for example, in implanted medical devices such as stents. On page 1488 of this issue, Tanaka et al. (1) report on a superelastic alloy that almost doubles the useful range of deformation that can be induced in such alloys.

Materials Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
en référence à : Expanding the Repertoire of Shape Memory Alloys -- Ma and Karaman 327 (5972): 1468 -- Science (afficher sur Google Sidewiki)

RELATED POSTS:

Metaklett-steel grips, Biomimicry and Shape Memory Alloy meanders



Footnote: 1 News dates from March 2010 but published in La Recherche's June Issue.
                2. Nitol is used as an example . The current SMA reported above is reportedly better and cheaper. The alloys appear on first sight very much cheaper than the books (2$/22gm) cf details of Nitol product offer on AMAZON below





Footnote: 1 News dates from March 2010 but published in La Recherche's June Issue.
             


















  2. Nitol is used as an example . The current SMA reported above is reportedly better and cheaper. The alloys appear on first sight very much cheaper than the books (2$/22gm) cf details of Nitol product offer on AMAZON below
Nitol Product Features:
ASTM F2063, Straight, Annealed Temper, Super Elastic Alloy, May be Strained 8-10 times More Than Spring Steel, Superior Corrosion Resistance
Product Details cf advert.

Friday, 14 May 2010

UN science chief defends IPCC-UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's work and welcomes review

AMSTERDAM, Friday 14 May – The head of the U.N. scientific body on climate change defended the work of the thousands of scientists who contribute to its reports, even as he welcomed a review of procedures that produced errors undermining the panel's public credibility.

The chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Rajendra Pachauri, cautioned an independent scientific committee reviewing the IPCC's work not to undermine scientists' motivation for contributing to reports on global warming.

Recently its reports have been dismissed (undermined) by climate skeptics who attribute global warming to natural cycles. The skeptics were bolstered by a series of errors in the IPCC's 2007 report.

Pachauri told the committee's first review meeting that the panel's conclusions are valid, even in areas where mistakes were discovered.

Pointing to the most glaring error, a claim that the world's glaciers will melt by 2035, Pachauri said glaciers are indeed melting, though not that fast. Nonetheless, glacial melt accounts for 28 percent of sea level rise, and the panel's assessment on glaciers contains "a lot of facts which we can ignore at our peril."

Pachauri said the panel is comprised of volunteer scientists contributing several years of their own time and who disband after issuing their report. The panel has no mechanism for responding to criticism once the reports are issued, other than the small secretariat.

"We need to develop an ability and a capacity to communicate better with the outside world," he told the 15 top scientists from around the world summoned to sit on the review committee..

He said the panel's procedures already are robust, but he welcomed any suggestion that would improve accuracy.

The review is expected to take several weeks before it issues recommendations on how to tighten the IPCC procedures.

Its up to the individual whom he chooses to believe in these issues.

He can choose between either the largest body of the worlds best and most recognised scientists and experts of all times brought together to study this most important or a relatively small number of specialist sceptics and a large number of lay persons with little or no recognised scientific or engineering training in such vast and complex fields as to the probable outcomes.

I know which group I would choose to place my faith.

Reference
en référence à :
"He said the panel's procedures already are robust, but he welcomed any suggestion that would improve accuracy. The review is expected to take several weeks before it issues recommendations on how to tighten the IPCC procedures."
- UN science chief defends work, welcomes review - Yahoo! News (afficher sur Google Sidewiki)
A few books to choose from:







Wednesday, 5 May 2010

Adrian Bejan - Constructal Theory, Fundamental and Philosophical

In order to look at some of the more fundamental and philosophical aspects in materials science and processing I have modified the Phil Trans A link list to "Fundamental and Philosophical" in order to treat subjects such as Thermodynamics: Entropy,Exergy,open and closed systems and here Adrian Bejan's Constructal theory. Two links may be found on the links list:
1.Adrian Bejan's Constructal Theory website.

2. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B - The Constructal Law of Design and Evolution in Nature_PDF

Materials and Environment-Embodied Energy of Materials

I kicked-off this link series Materials and Environment-Embodied Energy, fittingly with reference to the excellent book "Materials and Environment" by MF Ashby, M. F. Ashby, Daniel L. Schodek, Paulo J. S. G. Ferreira to which I added diverse previous blog post references. The list at present has an additional five links for menory:
1. Embodied Energy-Wikipedia-A place to start your search


2. Embodied Energy Materials Coefficients PDF_NZ source

3. Embodied Energy Steel_Australian Source

4. Energy Use & CO2 emissions:Steel Sector-PDF

5. Whole-life costs: Concrete vs steel

Hopefully this list will lengthen with time, rapidly due to the inceasing importance in todays global economy.

RELATED POSTS

Materials and Environment- Mothers of Inventions

Nanoscale,Nanomaterials_Basics_Calculate numbers of surface to volume atoms and much more.

Multiscale modelling of materials,MMM - Introduction and Explanatory Notes; Refs.,Images, on a Hot Interdisciplinary field


BOOKS from AMAZON.


Monday, 19 April 2010

Crystal Growth Detection System sought -Innocentive Challenge_Solver Teamwork encouraged

Crystal Growth Detection System

It was time that I came back to Innocentive (rewarded) Challenges as regularly as I did in the platforms early days. Much has happened there and the platform is attracting increasing attention and sponsors, I am pleased to say.

(Original backers Ely-Lilly, Dupont... Sponsors now include, Rockefeller Foundation , NASA, Nature, The Economist, and SAP, roughly in that order..?
Official history

In particular, the platform supports team work, depending on the challenge. The one that I am bringing to readers attention today is a team work supported challenge, involving a theme which will ring a few bells with metallurgists and physical chemists even if the system(s) is a water based colloids, for which it is required to detect solid crystal growth.

Check this or any of the other open challenges either for individuals or team worker. If I can be of any help on either approaches please do not hesitate to get in touch.

Introductory References:
1. Colloidal_crystals
2.  Nanoparticle Colloids

Innocentive
All open challenges

Books
Google books previews:

Emulsions, foams, and suspensions: fundamentals and applications
 Amazon look inside
Colloidal Dispersions: Suspensions, Emulsions, and Foams 
Both books deal Particle size methods and are well documented.
Amazon











High Purity Cr sources for Superalloys

Energy for th Future:Phil.Trans.A-Vol. 365, N° 1853 / April 15, 2007, curtesy The Royal Soc. London

Engineered foams and porous materials: Phil Trans A. Vol 364, N° 1838 / 06 curtesy_The R Soc. Lond